REVIEW: Plant Innate Immunity: Crosstalk of Signaling Pathways

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Boris I. Skulachev¹, Anastasia K. Atabekova², Alexander A. Lezzhov², and Andrey G. Solovyev^2,a*

¹Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia

²Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed.

Received: December 13, 2025; Revised: February 27, 2026; Accepted: March 14, 2026

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The innate immunity of plants is a dynamic, multilevel system traditionally divided into pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Despite being activated by different types of receptors localized in different cell compartments, PTI and ETI are currently considered interdependent components of a single defense system. This view suggests that, due to various positive interactions between these two pathways, the innate immunity of plants is more than the sum of PTI and ETI. Available data indicate that PTI and ETI enhance each other synergistically, increasing the concentration of signaling molecules, such as components of kinase cascades, reactive oxygen species, calcium ions, and phytohormones. This leads to the activation of defense genes, providing a local response to pathogens and the development of systemic plant resistance.

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KEY WORDS: innate plant immunity, receptors of pathogen patterns, receptors of pathogen effectors, resistosomes, kinase cascades, reactive oxygen species, calcium signaling, transcriptional reprogramming, hypersensitive response, local resistance, systemic resistance

DOI: 10.1134/S0006297925604289

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