REVIEW: Application of Proteins Binding Components of Bacterial Cell Wall for Extraction, Concentration, and Analysis of Biological Samples

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Ekaterina Yu. Epova^1,a*, Elena V. Trubnikova¹, Nikita G. Yabbarov^1,b*, Elena D. Nikolskaya¹, Maksim A. Klimenko¹, Margarita V. Chirkina¹, Mariia R. Mollaeva¹, Maria B. Sokol¹, and Ilya N. Kurochkin¹

¹Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed.

Received: September 2, 2025; Revised: September 19, 2025; Accepted: October 27, 2025

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Proteins that bind components of bacterial cell wall play a key role in innate immunity and interactions between bacteria and host organisms. They participate in the control of peptidoglycan synthesis and degradation, determine the pathogenic specificity of bacteria, affect their ability to adhere and invade, and serve as important elements of molecular recognition. The review discusses proteins of diverse origins and their recombinant analogues, their structure and binding mechanisms, and prospects for application in the diagnostics of bacterial infections and functionalization of nanomaterials.

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KEY WORDS: bacterial cell wall, pathogen-associated molecular patterns, pattern recognition receptors, Toll-like receptors, lectins, peptidoglycan recognition proteins, scavenger receptors, bacterial infection diagnostics

DOI: 10.1134/S000629792560406X

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